Washington: Earth’s gravity has influenced the orientation of thousands of faults that form in the lunar surface as the Moon shrinks, NASA has revealed.

After more than six years in orbit, the US space agency’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter has imaged nearly three-fourths of the lunar surface at high resolution, allowing the discovery of over 3,000 faults.

These globally distributed faults have emerged as the most common tectonic landform on the moon.

An analysis of the orientations of these small scarps yielded a surprising result.

The faults, created as the moon shrinks, are being influenced by an unexpected source — gravitational tidal forces from Earth.

Global contraction alone should generate an array of thrust faults with no particular pattern in the orientations of the faults, because the contracting forces have equal magnitude in all directions.

“But there is a pattern in the orientations of the thousands of faults and it suggests something else is influencing their formation, something that is also acting on a global scale — ‘massaging’ and realigning them,” explained Smithsonian senior scientist Thomas Watters from the National Air and Space Museum in Washington, DC.

The gravitational forces the Moon and Sun exert are responsible for Earth’s rising and falling tides. Similarly, Earth’s gravity also exerts forces on the Moon in the form of solid body tides that distort its shape.

The Moon is slowly receding away from Earth and forces build as the Moon’s tidal distortion diminishes with distance and its rotation period slows with time.

The fault scarps are very young — so young that they are likely still actively forming today.

The team’s modeling shows that the peak stresses are reached when the moon is farthest from Earth in its orbit.

If the faults are still active, the occurrence of shallow moonquakes related to slip events on the faults may be most frequent when the moon is at apogee.

This hypothesis can be tested with a long-lived lunar seismic network.

“The LRO data set enables us to tease out subtle but important processes that would otherwise remain hidden,” noted John Keller, LRO project scientist at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, in a paper published in the journal Geology.

Launched on June 18, 2009, LRO has collected a treasure trove of data with its seven powerful instruments, making an invaluable contribution to our knowledge about the moon.