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The city of Stalin that defied and defeated the Nazis — myths and realities (Column: Bookends)
By Vikas Datta
When we happen to recall the Second World War’s notable battles, the emphasis is more on those fought by the Western Allies — Dunkirk, Pearl Harbor, El Alamein, Midway Island, D-Day landings and Arnhem, et al, given the large amount of books and films they have inspired. The Eastern Front rarely gets the same attention, though having equally significant clashes — especially the one by the Volga in southern Russia.
A couple of days ago (February 2) marked the 75th anniversary of the end of the largest (over two million soldiers from six nations), most bloodiest (up to two million killed, wounded and captured) and a major turning point of World War II.
The over-five-month-long Battle of Stalingrad, which marked the high point of Nazi Germany’s eastern advance, has become synonymous with urban warfare at its fiercest as well as a microcosm of war’s mix of bravery and cowardice, brutality and resilience, and ambition and tenacity.
And it has its fair share of cultural depictions: In books and films, but also music (from classical to heavy metal), poetry and video games, as well as recollections of participants as well as analyses, both general and scholarly. How authentic are they? But before we take a look at them, let’s get a brief idea of what led to the battle itself and its broad contours.
Nazi Germany attacked the Soviet Union in the summer of 1941, and despite occupying large swathes of the country, failed to capture key objectives like Leningrad or Moscow or comprehensively defeat the Red Army. In June the next year, its Army Group South began “Case Blue” to take east Ukraine and the Caucasian oilfields. Split into Groups A and B, respectively, to take the Caucasus and defend their flank near Stalingrad, the latter reached Stalingrad’s outskirts on August 23 and were ordered to capture it. Thus began the battle in the city, from which the Soviets had removed all food stocks and equipment possible but forbidden civilian residents to leave.
The fighting continued for the next five months and 10 days, street by street, and house by house, before the Germans, forbidden by Hitler to retreat, shrank into smaller and smaller areas, cut off from each other. The pitiful remnants, led by newly-promoted Field Marshal Friedrich Paulus, eventually surrendered on February 2, 1943.
If we rule out the huge amount of Russian and German works, and keep to English, the battle figures in any standard, overall history of WWII but the conflict’s huge canvas precludes much detail. Those devoted to the Eastern Front like Russian-born British journalist Alexander Werth’s “Russia At War, 1941-1945” (1964) give it better play.
Werth, who covered the war from Moscow and was among the first Western journalists allowed to visit Stalingrad after the battle, also gave a stark, unsettling picture in “The Year of Stalingrad: An Historical Record and a Study of Russian Mentality, Methods and Policies” (1946).
More Western interest was evoked after the publication of twice Hero of Soviet Union Marshal Vasili Chuikov’s translated memoirs — “The Beginning of the Road: The Story of the Battle for Stalingrad” (1963). Chuikov, who had commanded the 62nd Army in the battle and was present in the city itself, played a key role with his several innovative tactics like “hugging the enemy”, where Soviet soldiers kept in close proximity to the Germans to minimise their superior weaponry and air power.
While there is also the military study “Velikaia Bitva na Volge (The great victory on the Volga)” by Marshal K.K. Rokossovsky, who served as commander of the Don Front, it was Chuikov’s memoirs that would influence the next books on Stalingrad.
An early one was William Craig’s “Enemy at the Gates: The Battle for Stalingrad” (1973) — from which the three pages about the duel between famed Russian sniper Vassili Zaitsev and an unnamed German opponent formed the basis, with considerable artistic license, of the Jude Law film “Enemy at the Gates” (2001). Then there is British historian Anthony Beevor’s magisterial strategic and social account “Stalingrad” (1998) and Geoffrey Roberts’ “Victory at Stalingrad: The Battle that Changed History” (2002).
Michael K. Jones, whose “Stalingrad: How the Red Army Survived the German Onslaught” (2007), however, purports to offer a new perspective, drawing extensively from newly-released archival material and interviews with survivors and their families. American military historian David M. Glantz, who has a spate of specialised books on the Soviet experience and operational art, contends that the earlier books suffer from over-reliance on Chuikov’s memoirs, which were intended to be “propagandist”, inflating German strength and focussing more on “pure” Russian formations among others.
On the other hand, if you prefer fiction, the best is Red Army journalist and author Vasily Grossman’s “Life and Fate”, his German counterpart Heinz G. Konsalik’s “Doctor of Stalingrad” or even Canadian author John Wilson’s “Four Steps to Death” (2005).
But whatever you read, fiction or non-fiction, German, Russian or other, the basic message is the same: War is Hell. And if this percolates into our minds, Stalingrad’s significance is assured.
(Vikas Datta is an Associate Editor at IANS. The views expressed are personal. He can be contacted at [email protected])
–IANS
vd/vm/sac
Entertainment
Casino Days Reveal Internal Data on Most Popular Smartphones
International online casino Casino Days has published a report sharing their internal data on what types and brands of devices are used to play on the platform by users from the South Asian region.
Such aggregate data analyses allow the operator to optimise their website for the brands and models of devices people are actually using.
The insights gained through the research also help Casino Days tailor their services based on the better understanding of their clients and their needs.
Desktops and Tablets Lose the Battle vs Mobile
The primary data samples analysed by Casino Days reveal that mobile connections dominate the market in South Asia and are responsible for a whopping 96.6% of gaming sessions, while computers and tablets have negligible shares of 2.9% and 0.5% respectively.
The authors of the study point out that historically, playing online casino was exclusively done on computers, and attribute thе major shift to mobile that has unfolded over time to the wide spread of cheaper smartphones and mobile data plans in South Asia.
“Some of the reasons behind this massive difference in device type are affordability, technical advantages, as well as cheaper and more obtainable internet plans for mobiles than those for computers,” the researchers comment.
Xiaomi and Vivo Outperform Samsung, Apple Way Down in Rankings
Chinese brands Xiaomi and Vivo were used by 21.9% and 20.79% of Casino Days players from South Asia respectively, and together with the positioned in third place with a 18.1% share South Korean brand Samsung dominate the market among real money gamers in the region.
Cupertino, California-based Apple is way down in seventh with a user share of just 2.29%, overshadowed by Chinese brands Realme (11.43%), OPPO (11.23%), and OnePlus (4.07%).
Huawei is at the very bottom of the chart with a tiny share just below the single percent mark, trailing behind mobile devices by Motorola, Google, and Infinix.
The data on actual phone usage provided by Casino Days, even though limited to the gaming parts of the population of South Asia, paints a different picture from global statistics on smartphone shipments by vendors.
Apple and Samsung have been sharing the worldwide lead for over a decade, while current regional leader Xiaomi secured their third position globally just a couple of years ago.
Striking Android Dominance among South Asian Real Money Gaming Communities
The shifted market share patterns of the world’s top smartphone brands in South Asia observed by the Casino Days research paper reveal a striking dominance of Android devices at the expense of iOS-powered phones.
On the global level, Android enjoys a comfortable lead with a sizable 68.79% share which grows to nearly 79% when we look at the whole continent of Asia. The data on South Asian real money gaming communities suggests that Android’s dominance grows even higher and is north of the 90% mark.
Among the major factors behind these figures, the authors of the study point to the relative affordability of and greater availability of Android devices in the region, especially when manufactured locally in countries like India and Vietnam.
“And, with influencers and tech reviews putting emphasis on Android devices, the choice of mobile phone brand and OS becomes easy; Android has a much wider range of products and caters to the Asian online casino market in ways that Apple can’t due to technical limitations,” the researchers add.
The far better integration achieved by Google Pay compared to its counterpart Apple Pay has also played a crucial role in shaping the existing smartphone market trends.
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